Childhood allergy is an exaggerated reaction by the immune system in response to certain foreign substances. These foreign objects may or may not be harmful, thus that’s why it’s classified as only an exaggerated response.
In an attempt to protect the body, the immune system produces antibodies called immunoglobulin, which cause the mast cells and allergy cells to release chemicals, including histamine resulting in allergic reactions.
With most people, allergies appear during infancy and childhood. Some allergies can be outgrown while some last a lifetime. It is best to consult with an allergy specialist early on so that the source can be easily avoided and the symptoms treated. When avoidance measures fail to produce results, there are also numerous medications and other measures that can help in treating your child’s symptoms.
Causes
There are numerous causes of children’s allergies. Here are some of the common allergens that can trigger allergy symptoms:
● Pollen - these are fine, reproductive pollen found in plants that travels easily through the air. Several examples include tree pollen such as oak, elm and birch. Pollens from Bermuda grass and orchard grass can also cause allergies.
● Mold spores - These pesky allergy-producers are found almost everywhere, such as in soil, vegetation, attics, basements and carpets. Mold spores also travel by air, so it is one of the most prevalent causes of allergies.
● Dust mites - These tiny creatures can also cause allergies. They are commonly found in bed linens and sofas. Dust mite allergies usually peak in July and August, when the dust mite population is high due to a warmer climate.
● Pet dander - These allergens are the dead skin that warm-blooded animals, such as dogs and cats, shed. Pet dander can be found everywhere because it can be carried through people’s clothing.
● Food - There are numerous foods that can cause allergies. Most common are peanuts, tree nuts, eggs, shellfish and milk or dairy products.
Symptoms
Children’s allergy symptoms occur when their immune system overreacts to certain foreign objects. If the allergen was acquired through the air, the reaction will most likely affect the nose, eyes and lungs. If it was eaten, it may affect the mouth and the digestive system. Some also cause skin rashes and asthma symptoms. Effects usually vary depending on what type of allergens trigger the allergy.
● Food allergy - symptoms include rashes, hives, diarrhea, swelling in the throat and mouth, and difficulty breathing.
● Drug allergy - skin rashes, itchy skin, anaphylaxis, and wheezing or other breathing problems
● Mold allergy - sneezing, runny nose, itchy throat, swollen eyelids and trouble breathing
● Pet allergy - wheezing, sneezing, runny nose and other breathing problems
● Dust allergy - runny or stuffy nose, itchy and watery eyes, coughing, wheezing and shortness of breath.
Treatments
There are numerous medications to help alleviate the symptoms of childhood allergies. Here are several that have been found effective. Take note that all prescribed and over-the-counter medications should only be used as directed by a prescription, package labeling or your child’s pediatrician.
● Oral Antihistamines - This is the most common class of medication for children with allergies. Prescription medicines such as cetirizine, fexofenadine, and desloratadine can be given to children as young as six months of age. Loratadine, which can be bought over-the-counter, can be administered to children as young as two. These medications are relatively inexpensive and easy for children to take. It usually treats symptoms like sneezing, runny nose and itchiness, particularly in the eyes, nose and ears.
● Topical Nasal Steroids - This type of medication is found to be most effective in nasal allergies and non-allergic rhinitis. Topical nasal steroids can be easily found and available by prescription. These are excellent in controlling sneezing, nasal congestion, itchy nose, runny nose and post-nasal drip. Side effects are usually mild and limited to nosebleeds and nasal irritation.
● Over-the-Counter Nasal Spray - Oxymetazoline and phenylephrine are cromolyn nasal sprays that can be administered to children as young as two, and they work by preventing symptoms before exposure, but not too effective when used during the outbreak of these symptoms. Topical decongestants with phenylephrine can be given to children down as early as six months old. It is crucial that these medications be used sparingly and during short periods -- three days a month is suggested.
● Oral Decongestants - Oral decongestants are useful medications in the treatment of nasal congestion in children. This class of medication includes pseudoephedrine and phenylephrine. They work well for occasional and as-needed use since side effects such as insomnia, headaches and rapid heart rate can be experienced with long-term use.
● Leukotriene Blockers - Montelukast was originally developed for asthma, but has been subsequently approved for the treatment of allergic rhinitis for children as young as six months old. It is found beneficial for children with mild asthma and allergies. It must be taken daily, and it takes a few days before effects can be seen. Mild side effects include fatigue, abdominal pains and headaches.
● Allergy Shots - Allergy shots or immunotherapy are particularly helpful when it comes to childhood allergies. This is not typically considered for children under five years of age due to maturity and cooperativeness of the child, however, several studies have shown that allergy shots can help in asthma prevention up to three years after immunization.
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